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Monday, October 17, 2016

Making of a Child Psychiatrist: (51) Training in Psychiatry (4)

There were certain advantages to being a senior house officer rather than a registrar in psychiatry. I was not deemed to be experienced enough to be on call, so essentially the job was 9am to 5pm, even if I had to do the occasional weekend. As you would now have guessed, the work was intense and somewhat wearing. Not only was I learning how to manage a wide range of fairly serious disorders but there was also an expectation of doing a fair amount of introspection. I have never shied away from that, and understood from early on the importance of it in relationships with people who were struggling. The phrase ‘Primum non Nocere’ (first do no harm) took on a very special meaning.
I was also on a very steep learning curve at home. As I have noted before, we had moved into our first true home in about April 1968, with Jonathan born in the February. By the time I took up the psychiatry job in October, he was getting on for nine months, and able to sit and begin to take in the world. He provided endless fascination and nappies. Jan seemed to have taken on the tasks of parenting so naturally, but I was a learner and paediatric training in medicine does not provide you with much in the way of skills to be a parent. We had both had siblings about 7 years younger. Jan had always been fascinated by her little sister and her development, and took an active part in helping whenever she could. In contrast, as a boy, I had very little interest in my baby sister; she was just a noisy nuisance taking up all my mother’s attention, and doing that embarrassing breast-feeding thing. I was happy to be roaming around with my friends outside the house.
So, I know I was not a very competent parent to begin with; rather, I was a rank beginner on a steep learning curve. Jonathan was not easy to settle down at night, so we often had to stay awake till late, or get up repeatedly. Even so he was a joy and, like every set of new parents, we were fascinated with each tiny developmental advance, overjoyed by each smile. I guess I was also taking a professional view of his development. Was he on track? Was he normal (whatever that means)? Who would want a doctor and proto-psychiatrist for a parent?
There was also a lot to be done in our new home home. While the outside of the house had been renovated and appeared modern by comparison with the rest of the street, we wanted to decorate the inside to our taste. Like all new homeowners, we wanted to make it ours. So we painted walls and ceilings, organised carpets, and built simple bits of furniture.
Jonathan was getting too old to go into work with Jan, so we had a compromise to make, and were both unhappy about it. Jan found a day care situation with a woman she quite liked, where Jonathan was duly parked each day at the block of flats to allow Jan to go into work. She was very torn, but got into a rhythm of dropping him off each morning with his pram for morning naps, then walking the remainder of the 2 miles on to King’s for her half time job. She was relieved when she returned each lunchtime to find him still in one piece.
There were also, of course, times of great anxiety. One evening when Jonathan was about fourteen months old, he developed a fever and was literally ‘burning up’ with a temperature in excess of 100 degrees Fahrenheit. We tried cooling him down, gave him some infant aspirin, but it went on and on. My paediatric skills were not helpful when I was so personally involved. Late that night we decided we had no choice but to take him down to King’s Casualty. We got clerked in, and watched in horror as our little bloke was stripped down to nothing, and sat disconsolate on a cold metal trolley inside our screened cubicle, while nurses wiped him down with cold wet flannels. Jan was desperate because we would have done nothing like that at home and it seemed so brutal. I was outraged because I feared he might develop pneumonia, if that was not already the problem. We were turned from professionals into scared parents, and felt that sense of helplessness that everyone must feel when you become a number, just another case. He was seen by a paediatric registrar and had an Xray of his chest. All good apparently! Eventually his temperature did come down, he was given a dose of penicillin, discharged, and we dressed him and took him home – not all that impressed, and vowing to never repeat the experience.
The house was very close to Peckham Rye Common, so when weather allowed we would go down to the park and enjoy being a family. We have photos of sunny days, and all of us smiling, as well as one glorious one of Jonathan in a pushchair with his curly hair, pudgy baby face covered in ice cream. We were just an ordinary family out having fun; just as it should be.
My year in psychiatry was coming to an end. It did not matter how well I had done, how many apparent successes we could count, how much I had enjoyed the experience, or how much I was liked; there was no immediate prospect of a registrar position at King’s. I looked elsewhere, but just could not find a job in the medical journals; all very depressing. For the last six months I had become increasingly anxious about what to do next. I discussed my career with consultants and registrars but no leads began to appear, and our little family needed financial security. I know I became increasingly morose, and not much fun to live with.
And fate stepped in. Jan’s father had from time to time played golf with a couple of general practitioners in Kent, and had discussed our situation. Apparently an elderly GP Dr. Alan Bowie, who had completed 35 years of medical service in Birchington (the town of our old drama group, and early courting days), was about to retire. His junior partner, Dr. John Hayden, was now looking for another doctor. Jan and I spent days discussing the option. It meant moving on from psychiatry, and moving house again; but what could be nicer than a beachside and rural practice, only 2 miles from the town where we had both grown up? What could be nicer than moving close to family? What could be nicer than almost trebling my current salary?
I met up with John Hayden for a discussion one weekend, and we got on well. The job sounded manageable. In addition to John, there was one other long-term doctor (Dr. Denis Merritt). The practice overall had just over 10,000 patients, but with some new council estates being built, the numbers were growing. My flock would be about 3,000 people in Birchington and perhaps some in Westgate, as well as the surrounding farming communities of Thanet including St. Nicholas at Wade, Sarre and Pluck’s Gutter in one direction, Acol and Minster in another. I would be expected to look after a Dr. Barnardo’s home with about 100 children, and be on call for the whole practice one week in every three. I had no concept of what that might entail, but John assured me it was not overly taxing, and I would not take long to grasp the whole thing.
John suggested I would be well advised to complete 6 months of Obstetrics training before beginning, given the number of births each year in the practice and surrounding villages (about 200 a year). Given my joy in my student midwifery training, that sounded good. John had heard there might well be a senior house officer job coming up at Margate Hospital (where I had worked very briefly as a nurse assistant 10 years before); he said he would find out more. I put together a brief curriculum vitae, and wrote to the Director of Obstetrics at Margate Hospital, discussing the plan to move into General Practice, and noting I would like to work towards a Diploma in Obstetrics. The response was rapid and positive, so I guess there had been few other applicants (if any) for this small hospital outpost on the tip of Kent. There was a bonus. A ground floor hospital flat in a small block almost next to maternity would become free shortly after I began work. Would we be interested in moving into that? How fortunate could we be?

Sunday, October 16, 2016

Free download of Suicide Prevention 5 year Outcome Study

This study reviews the Mates in Construction Suicide Prevention Program, comparing 5 years of the program with the 5 years before the program began.
It is rare to find such longitudinal outcome studies.

Martin, G., Swannell, S., Milner, A., & Gullestrup, J. (2016). Mates in Construction Suicide Prevention Program: A Five-Year Review. Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education. 6: 465. DOI: 10.4172/2161-0711.1000465 

The paper is free to download from the OMICS site (i.e. OPEN ACCESS)

http://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/mates-in-construction-suicide-prevention-program-a-five-year-review-2161-0711-1000465.pdf

Haiku on Drive/ Price/ Stunning/ Beauty

Drive

The drive to survive
So strong in most of us, yet
Absent in a few

Drive on the right side
Which in our case means the left
Confusing, maybe

Bribie Island home
50 mile driveable beach
Must let tyres down

Price

Truth of modern life
Everything has a price
Some have no value

An eight year old's jokes
Priceless when you first hear them
At some cost the fifth

Have to ask the price?
You cannot afford to buy
Gems at Tiffany's

Stunning

Walked into glass door
Momentarily stunning
Must be more careful

'Twas a stunning day
Feel like run over by car
Oh, I was, was I?

I was just thinking
You are stunning without clothes
And then you hit me

Beauty

Beauty in haiku
Simplicity of the words
Conjuring image

Beauty in the eye
Will have shiner tomorrow
Boxing is like that

Canal at sunset
Fire reflected in water
Natural beauty

Friday, October 14, 2016

Child maltreatment and subsequent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) (FREE draft download)


This is an important paper published in 2012. You can download a FREE copy of of the accepted,
pre-press version at

Child Maltreatment and Non-suicidal Sellf-injury


Swannell, S., Martin, G., Page, A., Hasking, P., Hazell, P., Taylor, A., Protani, M. (2012). Child maltreatment, subsequent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and the mediating roles of dissociation, alexithymia, and self-blame. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36(7–8), 572–584. IF: 2.471 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.05.005

Children who self-harm. An open access paper (ie FREE to download)


In many ways this is a unique sample, even if the study is
fairly small and based on an impatient sample - with all
the difficulties that case-notes can provide.


Palmer and Martin, 2016. Self-Harm in Children under 14: A Comparison of Inpatients Who Self-Harm with Those Who Do Not. J Child Adolesc Behav 2016, 4: 302. 4:3, (2016)
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2375-4494.1000302







Wednesday, October 12, 2016

Making of a Child Psychiatrist: (50) Training in Psychiatry (3)

In the paper written by Irving Kreeger about assessment of suicide, he had made the point that all psychiatrists needed to have the ability to make an accurate formal diagnosis, particularly related to the possibility of psychotic depression (meaning the endogenous depression often associated with bipolar illness), and noted that depressed suicide attempters are often at grave risk, but on the positive side often have a rapid response to physical treatments. He then explored the range of suicidal motivation from the ‘cry for help’ through to a confirmed wish to die, noting that if the cry is not heard or appropriate action or safety precautions not taken, our patients can further lose hope and end up at increased risk. He noted other reasons for suicidal thinking in the patient, including self-punishment for perceived wrongs, but also the urge for revenge for the perceived or real wrongs of others, suggesting the power of the immediate family environment which may be a resource for good or may repeatedly exacerbate the problems.
From the perspective of doing the best for our patients he advised the need to develop good rapport, noting that our own unconscious response to a patient may affect the therapeutic alliance. He went further suggesting that if we are not aware of our own prejudices, or become irritated easily or by a particular type of person, we need to constantly re-examine our own thoughts, feelings and motives if we are not to make things worse.
I had had continued to be troubled by my experience over a year before as a casualty officer treating the man who self-injured. I had not been able to put my concerns into a language or context, and remained very troubled by the memory of the registrar who had smilingly demanded I sew John up without anaesthetic. Irving’s paper gave me the language and ideas to begin to think it through.
This was all confirmed by some research by Steven Greer who was a senior registrar and reader in the Department of Psychiatry. Steven had been trained in medicine in Adelaide, Australia, coming to Britain in 1957 to train in psychiatry at the Maudsley. His position was a joint one, shared with the King’s Professorial Department of Medicine, where I had completed my second house job, and had an interest in psychological aspects of physical illness. He was a delightful person, and a good teacher, but it was two of his pieces of research into suicidality that grabbed my attention.
The first was a retrospective study of all patients surviving possibly lethal attempts over two and a half years, and referred to King’s Casualty – before my time, but intriguing given I had later worked there. Published in 1967, the paper suggested that how professionals treated people after an overdose, might predict subsequent survival. The second paper was a prospective study of 204 self-poisoning patients coming through King’s casualty in the first six months of 1968. Even though the paper was not to be published until 1971, Steven was currently engrossed in this work, and discussed early findings and implications with some passion. The ultimate message was that those who had accepted psychiatric care did significantly better, with fewer repeat attempts and deaths. Those who had been dismissed with no follow-up (22% despite official policy), or had refused care, did badly with 39% overall repeating an attempt and 5% completing suicide. The messages were clear; every suicidal person should be treated with care and not dismissed out of hand, and all should get careful psychiatric assessment and follow-up support. My casualty registrar and his attitude had been very wrong. My ‘indignation button’ had been pushed. These issues around management of suicidality have obviously simmered over the years, becoming revived much later in my own clinical and research work with adolescents.
One of the benefits of our links with the Maudsley was that, if free to do so, we could attend lectures and seminars ‘across the road’. One of the lectures I attended was given by Isaac Marks, a psychiatrist who had a growing reputation for his work in Anxiety and Phobia Reduction. As I remember it he presented some early research comparing Desensitization with Hypnosis, where desensitization came out slightly better on the measures used. I know that we continued to discuss the ideas for the next few days.
In outpatients one afternoon I met Margaret and her husband. The referral letter mentioned social phobia, and the possibility of underlying depression. She did look miserable, but as I explored her range of symptoms, there was little to support a clinical diagnosis. In many ways she was more of a recluse, limiting her shopping as much as possible and avoiding social contact and family events. The main reason for this was that she could not bring herself to smile.
In the interview, she provided brief responses to questions, and had a mannerism of drawing down her upper lip so that her teeth did not show. When eventually this became clear, and I was allowed to see her teeth, it was obvious that she had severe dental caries of the two upper front teeth, and was deeply embarrassed. She wept while her husband told me that nobody in recent years had seen her smile. This had a consequence in that it limited the feedback she received in conversation, which in turn led to social withdrawal. She had lost friends though her repeated refusals to go to social events, and spent her days ‘moping around the house’.
I asked why she had not been to a dentist to get her teeth fixed? She had tried but, apparently, on each occasion when some instrument (even just a dental mirror) had been put in her mouth, she found herself gagging and on several embarrassing occasions had vomited. Dentists had suggested a general anaesthetic, but she had refused this option. Over time everyone had given up. “So, if I were to ask to examine your throat, using a wooden spatula to just gently hold down your tongue, to get a good view, would that make you gag?” She nodded. I was intrigued.
“So how do you eat?” I asked. “What do you mean?” she responded. “Well, how do you get food into your mouth?” “Looking confused, she said: “I use a fork like everyone else…” “Ah, so you can put some things in your mouth. What about a spoon?” “Of course!” “Do you use a tooth brush?” “Not as often as I should…” “If we could work out a way of reducing your anxiety, and stopping you gagging, would you be interested in trying?” “I suppose so… Would it hurt?” “No, I am sure we can avoid that. Let me just have a discussion with my registrar.”

He was as intrigued as I had been, and we came up with a ten-week plan for treatment. His recommendation was that we use a small dose of intravenous amylobarbitone to reduce her anxiety for each of the sessions. The plan was to begin with a spoon in the mouth, first with Margaret putting it in, and then seeing whether we could get her to trust me to do it without her gagging. Each week, taking it very slowly, we would then introduce a new object – a wooden medical spatula at week three, then a metal spatula, then a week or so later a dentist’s mirror, then some dental probes. On each occasion we got Margaret to introduce the object, and then allow me to repeat the experiment. The idea was to put the process under her control, and keep the anxiety as low as we could. About half way through the program with Margaret’s agreement we stopped the injections. Somewhere about week 6, I went with Margaret and her husband to the new dental school at King’s and the dentist talked through the process that would be necessary to get her teeth fixed. Afterwards we talked about her anxiety, and then again just before the next session. A couple of weeks later, Margaret felt confident enough to agree to a date for her dental surgery, and two weeks later she turned up with her husband at the appointed time, having told me she thought she could manage without my support. My reward was a week later when she popped into the clinic without an appointment to show me the most brilliant of smiles. The process had at times been tedious for everyone concerned, and these days we would not use amylobarbitone, would not have had so many sessions. But for Margaret, the end justified the means.